A generation ago, the term “trafficking” was typically associated with drug crimes. Today, it is often used to describe forced labor or sex acts victimizing immigrants, runaways or vulnerable teens. This page discusses federal human trafficking charges.
Perhaps one of the biggest cases of the century alleging human or sex trafficking involved Jeffrey Epstein, the wealthy financier who was arrested in July 2019 on sex trafficking and conspiracy charges. He was accused of paying girls as young as 14 for sex and using them to recruit other girls from 1994 to 2004.
Epstein committed suicide in federal custody, but his longtime associate and confidant, Ghislaine Maxwell, awaits trial in connection with the crimes for allegedly helping recruit and groom his victims.
The Epstein case is an extreme example. Most human trafficking cases don’t involve multi-millionaires. What they do usually have in common, however, are the victims. Immigrants, runaways and troubled teens from low-income families are particularly vulnerable. In Texas, cities closer to the border such as San Antonio are the site of many trafficking prosecutions, however, trafficking cases arise everywhere.
Recent Examples of Human Trafficking Cases
In fact, in the last several years, North Texas courts have been the venue for multiple sex trafficking cases.
- Man Charged with Trafficking 14-Year-Old Out of Dallas
- Two Federal Sentences out of Fort Worth for Child Sex Trafficking Conspiracy
- Fort Worth Man Faces Potential Life Sentence for Child Sex Trafficking
- Dallas Man Pleads Guilty in Child Sex Trafficking Case
- Fort Worth Woman Pleads Guilty in Child Sex Trafficking Case
Federal Human Trafficking Charges
Under federal law, trafficking offenses are taken very seriously and can carry stiff penalties. In fact, multiple federal and state agencies are involved in the investigation and prosecution of such offenses including U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE), Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), DARPA, the Texas Department of Public Safety, the Fort Worth Police Department, and the United States Attorney’s Office, to name a few. Further, the Department of Justice launched Project Safe Childhood (PSC)10 years ago to combat technology facilitated sex crimes against children. Since 2011, the DOJ has filed 20,260 PSC cases.
Human Trafficking Defined
The federal definition for trafficking can be found in various statutes.
18 USC 1589 prohibits forced labor
Under this statute, federal law defines the receipt of forced labor and the providing of forced labor. Force, threats of force, abuse, serious harm, threats of abuse of law or legal process (threats to have a person deported), are the means by which a victim is recognized in federal courts to have been subject to forced labor. The penalty for providing or benefitting from forced labor is up to 20 years imprisonment. If a person dies in course of such activity, or subject to a kidnapping, or aggravated sexual abuse, the penalty could be any term of imprisonment up to life.
18 USC 1590 prohibits trafficking in terms of forced labor or peonage (slavery)
Here, trafficking includes recruiting, harboring, transporting, or obtaining any person for forced labor. As is the case respecting forced labor offenses, the penalty for labor trafficking is up to 20 years imprisonment. If a person dies in course of such activity, or subject to a kidnapping, or aggravated sexual abuse, the penalty could be any term of imprisonment up to life.
18 USC 1591 prohibits sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud or coercion
Here, trafficking includes enticing, harboring, transporting, soliciting a person to engage in a commercial sex act. Any sex act, “on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person” is a commercial sex act.
This law states that use of force, threats of force, or coercion, including threatening the arrest of an immigrant, to get a person to engage in a commercial sex act, is a federal felony. For persons who force, or threaten force, or employ a coercive tactic to cause a person to engage in a commercial sex act, or persons simply facilitating commercial sex acts for a victim under 14, the penalty is between 15 years and life imprisonment.
For persons facilitating commercial sex acts for a victim between 14 and 18, the penalty is between 10 years and life imprisonment.
This means that people compelled to engage in commercial sex acts are victims and that children under 18 who are enticed to engage in commercial sex acts are victims.
Persons found to have obstructed the enforcement of laws preventing forced labor, trafficking with respect to forced labor, or sex trafficking may be imprisoned for a term not to exceed 20 years. See 18 USC 1590(b) and 1591(d).
Federal Efforts & Legislation to Combat Human Trafficking
Efforts by the federal government to combat human trafficking can be traced back to the early 1900s and continue to this day. Here’s a brief look at the historical legal framework.
- In 1910 one of the first human trafficking laws, the MANN Act, was passed. It criminalized the transportation of individuals across state lines for the purpose of engaging in commercial sex. Specifically, it made it a felony to transport woman across state lines for the “purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose.”
- In 2000, Congress passed the far-reaching Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) to address prevention, protection and prosecution of human trafficking. Specifically, it gave federal prosecutors a number of tools to prevent human trafficking, including establishing human trafficking and related crimes as federal offenses. It also provided for restitution for human trafficking victims. To date, TVPA has been reauthorized in 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2013.
- In 2003, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) added human trafficking to the list of crimes that can be prosecuted as a Racketeering Influenced Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute. It also established a federal, civil right of action for victims to sue their traffickers and to protect victims and their families from deportation.
- In 2005, the TVPRA included a pilot program for sheltering minors who are trafficking survivors and grant programs to assist state and local law enforcement. It also expanded provisions to fight sex tourism.
- In 2008, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act increased criminal punishments for human trafficking. It also put into place new systems to report human trafficking data.
- In 2013, the TVPRA established and strengthened programs to ensure U.S. citizens do not purchase products made by victims of human trafficking. It also put emergency response provisions into place, allowing officials to disaster areas where people are particularly susceptible to being trafficked.
How Does the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Apply to Human Trafficking?
Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, perpetrators of sex trafficking offenses are assigned a beginning offense level of 34 unless the offense did not involve force and the victim was between the ages of 14-18. Such cases begin at offense level 14. For general purposes of reference (because the Guidelines are not the only driver of a sentence) the minimum sentence under level 34 is 151 months. Under level 14 it is 15 months. Remember, the statutory minimum is 10 years, meaning that 10 years is the lowest sentence possible regardless of the Guideline recommendation.
Forced labor offenses oftentimes start at offense level 18. Under level 14 it is 27 months. Remember, the statutory minimum is 10 years meaning that 10 years is the lowest sentence possible regardless of the Guideline recommendation.
Retain a Fort Worth Federal Human Trafficking Attorney for Help
While such crimes are horrific and the moral impetus for such crimes is obvious, no one should assume that just because a person is accused of trafficking that he or she is guilty. Unfortunately, trafficking cases can involve the same vulnerabilities as other crimes.
For example, trafficking is a basis for victims to apply for a U-visa allowing non-citizens to remain in the United States. Unfortunately, like any other benefit, the immigration system runs the risk of abuse by persons falsely claiming to be trafficking victims to remain in the U.S.
Also, trafficking cases are highly dependent upon the credibility and reliability of alleged victims. Because many accusations of threats and prior acts of violence do not involve physical evidence or scientific verification, the victim’s word is often the basis for prosecution.
People facing such accusations need to employ counsel who are experienced in the investigation and trial of violent and sometimes sexually violent offenses. Further, lawyers with significant trial experience are preferable.
Are you or a loved one facing charges related to human trafficking? Call a Fort Worth federal human trafficking lawyer for a complimentary strategy session. Call us at (817) 203-2220 or reach out online.
